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346 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
Hyrcanus established the "Pairs." However unhistorical this may
be, it probably contains an element of fact, namely, that the Has-
monean High Priests sanctioned the entry of the Soferim into the
Sanbedrin.
The question remains, how did the Talmudic conception of the
Sanhedrin arise ? It is hardly necessary to say that the Mishna and
Gemara were committed to writing long after the aristocracy had lost
their power by the break-up of the Jewish State. By that time the
party of the Law was supreme ; and the doctors of the Talmud held
that the constitution which they were familiar with was the constitu-
tion which had existed from the first. At the same time, their view
contained some details of fact. It is an interesting point to work out
the unmistakable connection between the Talmudic view and Num.
xi. Either the Jews conceived their Sanhedrin on the model of
Num. xi., or the latter must be a post-exilic interpolation. But this is
impossible ; for Num. xi. is an early and independent document.
Therefore, we conclude that the Talmudic doctors fashioned a more
or less ideal constitution on the basis of the Mosaic ordinance, and at
the same time connected it, according to their lights, with what they
knew of the history of their national senate.
It only remains to be said that the translation which Prof. Budde
has given us reads extremely well, and bears clear traces of the
scholar-like and vigorous hand from which it comes. It is a matter
for congratulation that Prof. Budde has found time in the midst of
his own multifarious labours to confer this boon upon all students of
the Old Testament, who, as they use it, will realise afresh how much
they owe to the master-mind of Kuenen.
Magdalen College, G. A. Cooke.
Oxford.
Maimonides' Arabic Commentary on the Mishnah.
It was the merit of Pocock, the great collector of Hebrew and Arabic
M8S. in the East — a collection which is the pride of the Bodleian
Library — to have begun to edit parts of Maimonides' Arabic Com-
mentary on the Mishnah in his Porta Mosis (Oxford, 1655, and
re-edited in London, 1740). It contains, not as Pocock wrongly
says, the introduction to the tractate of Zeraim, but the general
introduction to the Mishnah, followed by the commentary on Helek
— the tenth chapter of the tractate of Sanhedrin (re- edited critically
Critical Notices. 347
by Dr. Wolff, Rabbi at Gothenburg, Sweden, under the title of " The
Eight Chapters," Leipzig, 1863). There follows in the Porta Mosis,
lastly, the introductions to the Sedarim of Qodashim, Tohorot, and, in
an appendix, of Menahot. Since Pocock, the Arabic commentaries
of Maimonides had been used only f ragmentarily, by some scholars
■who had access to the libraries which contain such MSS., until
Professsor Barth, of Berlin, continued Pocock's tradition by
publishing the Arabic Commentary, with an emended Hebrew
translation of the tractate of Makkoth (Berlin, 1879 and 1880).
The veteran Semitic scholar, M. J. Derenbourg, member of the
French Institute, undertook a gigantic labour, viz., the Arabia
Commentary, with a correct Hebrew translation, which was pub-
lished by the society called D»»T0 »S»pD, 1886 to 1892. In-
deed the Hebrew translation, as printed in some editions of the
Mishnah, and in nearly all editions of the Babylonian Talmud, is
scarcely intelligible, for the translator was in fact less than a
mediocre Arabic scholar, and did not understand Maimonides.
These editions are besides full of typographical mistakes. We
should have expected that a literary society for the publication of
Maimonides' Commentary on the Mishnah would have been formed
under the direction of the Paris savant, as is the case for the pub-
lication of Saadiah G-aon's works, in print and in MSS. Alas ! such
•was not the case, for the rich Jews do not care for the glory of
past Judaism, and no means were forthcoming for the honour of
Maimonides. Maimonides now has to rely upon candidates for
the doctor's degree in G-erman universities, some of whom
take up small parts of his Commentary as their thesis, and some
fragments have been published in volumes of collected essays. We
are afraid that their best efforts are not equal to the difficult task.
The candidates are, in the first instance, too young for such a critical
edition, and, on the other hand, they have no material means for
bringing out the Commentary on whole tractates. Thus we get from
them only fragments, for which they had no means for consulting the
best MSS. Of these fragmentary editions we may mention up to
date the following : — The commentaries on Aboth I. and on Rosh
Hashanah I. 3 and III. 1 (Berlin, 1890, in the Jubtlsschrift, dedicated
to Dr. J. Hildesheimer on the occasion of his seventieth year). In
dissertations were treated, from 1891 to 1894, the Arabic commenta-
ries, with the corrected Hebrew translations, on the tractates
Berakhot^ Eilayim Demai, and Sanhedrin (I. to III.).
We have now before us the edition of the Arabic Commentary
of the tractate Pe.ah, with the corrected Hebrew translation, edited
by Dr. David Herzog, which is again the subject of a dissertation,
with instructive notes, on the orthography of the MSS. he used, as
348 The Jewish Quarterly Review.
well as on lexicographical points. We may expect soon the edition
of the tractates Betsa and Hulin, as far as we know also in a disserta-
tion. It will be seen that these authors do not try to complete one
Seder of the Mishaah, neither agree about the uniformity of the size.
Thus we may say that of Maimonides' Arable Commentary on the
Mishnah only Seder Tohorot {or Toharot) is published.
A. Neubajjer.
Introduction to the Chronicle called H31 D?1J? VID (in Hebrew), by
Bar Eatner. Part I. "Wilna, 1894.
The author has undertaken a most difficult task with relation to
the composition of the Chronicle, usually attributed to R. Yose ben
Halafta. The real title of it, as will be seen from the edition in
Mediaeval Chronicles II., which will appear soon, is D^iy Y1D, as it is
stated in the Egyptian fragments of it ; the epithet, H31, " the
great," sprang up when another Chronicle was composed, most likely
in the ninth century a.d., which is called KW D^W "HD {The Minor
Chronicle of the World). After a short preface about the method of
this introduction, M. Ratner gives his minute studies and results in
twenty-two chapters, which we shall indicate only, for it is impossible
to go into details of the thousand quotations from Talmudic and
casuistic literature. First, naturally comes the investigation con-
cerning the author of our Chronicle, the result of which is that,
according to quotations in the Talmudic literature, R. Yose can-
not be the author of it. Here comes a chapter about the date
of the work, which, according to M. Ratner, was composed before
the Mishnah was settled, since quotations in the Mishnah are
excerpted anonymously from our Chronicle, and the Babylonian
Talmud mentions it. The third chapter states the use of Pales-
tinian Midrashim. The Jerusalem Talmud seems not to quote our
Chronicle distinctly, but many quotations are certainly derived
from it. Next, it is stated that R. Johanan is the compiler of our
Chronicle as it lies before us. The sixth chapter shows that the
Seder Olam was not always at the disposal of the Rabbis of the Tal-
muds and the Midrashim. Next come proofs that the Geonim, down
to the Tosaphists, had not always the Seder Olam at their disposal.
Our author follows up with an important chapter, where it is stated
thai the quotations of the Mishnah and the Talmud from our
Chronicle are different from the printed text. The tenth chapter